Burgundy is a Reddish-Brown shade akin to the color of the wine. However, in broader terms and particularly regarding hair color, the notion of Burgundy hair color shades covers a wide range of gorgeous colors beyond just the normal range of available Red hair colors for Indian skin tones.

This will be a worthwhile read for you if you belong to any of the following categories:

• You have tried applying color to your hair but find flaws in your choice.
• You are new to this activity and raring to go.

Certain factors must be considered before you engage in the exercise. The most important considerations are –

• The quality and color of your hair.
• Your skin color.
• The shape of your face.
• The type of your personality.
• The tone of your skin.

Choosing a burgundy hair color in India

Choosing a Burgundy hair color highlight is easier than finding the correct shade of Burgundy for complete hair color. There are certain aspects to judge the face and skin and try to match it to the right shade of red hair colors for Indian skin tones.

Skin undertones can be warm as well as relaxed. Skin tones can be identified by how the sun impacts your skin. For example, if your skin turns Red under the sun, you should have a cool undertone. Conversely, your skin tone is warm if you tan when exposed to the sun.

Skin undertones

It is essential to note that a warm hair color matches well with a cool skin undertone, while a warm skin undertone can wear a cool shade of hair color. Indians generally possess a warm skin tone, so a cool hair color shade suits them better. Therefore, it is uncommon to find people using Red hair colors for Indian skin tones.

Burgundy hair color with skin color

The pigment Melanin sets the body’s hair, eyes, and skin color. It also accounts for the change in your color for the climatic conditions. The variation in the amount of Melanin secreted by the body impacts skin coloration.

Usually, an Ash Blonde will suit a fair skin color, while a Red with Blue undertones perfectly matches a darker skin. However, for medium colors, you should stay close to your natural color and prefer a lighter or darker version of your shade.

Coloring regarding your face contours

Hair color contouring is a unique technique that adds to your looks in terms of widening or compacting your face structure.

While dark colors may make a facial area look smaller, a light shade may open up and widen the space. It could add stimulus to your facial contours and make you look stunning. It could add to your personality as well.

Making the right choice

The choice had to be made with care and due diligence to your skin tone and natural hair color to find the most appropriate Burgundy hair color shade:

• Select a color that is either a shade or two lighter or darker than your natural hair color.
• Alternatively, you can choose a color that matches the color of your eyes.
• Warm undertones should opt for colors like Copper.

Cool tone hair colors

The most sought-after cool tone hair colors include Ashy Blonde, Ashy Gold, Beige Blonde, Cool French Brown, Intense Cold Beige, and Soft Ash Brunette.

Popular burgundy hair color products in India

Brand & Variant	Shade Number	Price (Rs)
BBlunt Salon Secret High Shine Creme Hair Color	Burgundy	209
Color Mate Hair Color Cream	6.65 Burgundy	155
Garnier Color Naturals	3.16 Burgundy	160
Godrej Expert Creme Hair Color	4.16 Burgundy	115
Indus Valley Organically Natural Gel Hair Color	3.6 Burgundy	599
L’Oreal Paris Casting Creme Gloss	316 Burgundy	550
L’Oreal Paris Creme Triple Care Color	3.16 Burgundy	434
Revlon Color ‘N Care Permanent Hair Color	3RV Burgundy	188
Revlon ColorSilk Beautiful Color	3DB Deep Burgundy	333
Vegetal Bio Color	Burgundy	280

Popular burgundy hair color shades highlights in India

1. Aubergine

Type: Cool burgundy hair color shade

This new-age color will be ideal for you if you wish to look different. This purple hair shade with shimmery tones could shake up your locks.

2. Black Cherry

Type: Cool burgundy hair color shade

It is difficult for this mix to show up in the hair, but if you like this color, you could apply the highlighting technique for this effect on your hair.

3. Bright Burgundy

Type: Cool burgundy hair color shade

This earthy shade of burgundy red is the only way to give life to thick and dense hair growth. The ones who dare can go for a full Red color, while the others could try bright burgundy ombre or highlights.

4. Dark Red

Type: Cool burgundy hair color shade

This subtle red color would be a perfect setting for your hair. As it is not too bright, you could have the option of making it a full head color with a possible shade.

5. Deep Plum

Type: Cool burgundy hair color shade

There are purple tones in this beautiful maroon hair color most suitable for olive complexions—a great display in the burgundy hair color charts.

6. Deep Purple Burgundy

Type: Cool burgundy hair color shade from the purple hair color family

This burgundy hair color shade is a violet variant of hair color to glorify dark brown or black hair. It is as good when tried as lowlights on dark hair and not the best suited as an option for burgundy hair color highlights.

7. Light Auburn

Type: Warm/Neutral burgundy hair color shade

The reddish-brown color is misplaced in this list of pinkish-purple hair colors but is a needed addition to the relaxed skin undertone. The warm skin can also wear this light auburn color for a change.

8. Magenta

Type: Neutral burgundy hair color shade

This earthy magenta ombre perfectly balances warm pink and cool purple, making it a neutral shade for cool and warm undertones. Magenta is one of the popular burgundy hair color shades.

9. Metallic Lavender

Type: Neutral burgundy hair color shade

Metallic Lavender is the right balance between firm and soft. It is fresh, and it is new and worth a try.

10. Mulberry

Type: Cool burgundy hair color shade

Imagine red juice flowing from a handful of crushed berries and covering your hair from all directions in this vivid red hair color. This is an ideal choice for fair and moderate complexion with cool undertones.

11. Mulled Wine

Type: Warm red hair color shade

Mulled wine looks so good that you almost would like to taste the warmth. Also, a mulled wine shade would greatly benefit a cool skin undertone – a safe option for a burgundy hair color shade as a first-timer.

12. Red Velvet

Type: Warm burgundy hair color shade

Red Velvet is an excellent burgundy hair color shade. Brighter, warmer shades like this would suit complexions with cool undertones.

13. Violet

Type: Cool burgundy hair color shade

If you are leaning toward purple, you could try this dark burgundy with bright violet coloration and magenta highlights.

This list perfectly describes how Red hair colors for Indian skin tones matter to the Indian skin and hair quality.

Folks with light-colored hair may directly apply burgundy hair color with great precaution. However, dark and dense hair like dark brown and black must be bleached before the coloration is applied. Red, purple, and burgundy hair color shades application also warrants thick black or brown hair to be bleached and lightened so that the colors get highlighted.

Hair bleaching is best done by a professional, more as a precautionary measure than anything else.

Color with care

Hair bleaching is a systematic process; one must indulge in it regularly to retain the hair’s glory and eminence. The method of hair bleach may also have to be repeated when the ingredients fade off.

However safe the hair coloring appears to be, there exists an element of risk if done individually. Therefore, it is advisable to have a trained hair coloring expert do it for you to avoid the slightest degree of hurt or damage to you.

A homemade mask must be worn after the coloring to prevent the color from splashing onto your face. In addition, it could serve to reverse the damage if caused due to negligence.

13 Brown Hair Color Shades for Indian Skin Tones

11 Blonde Hair Color Shades for Indian Skin Tones

Loreal Hair Color Chart :Top 10 Shades for Indian Skin Tones

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Performing a Mumbai vs Bangalore comparison in terms of cost of living? As the cliche goes, it is easier said than done! This is because there is no standard measure for living expenses, and it all depends on your lifestyle and individual requirements.Attempting a Mumbai vs Bangalore cost of living comparison will aid you in understanding how the cities differ in terms of living expenditures across various parameters, and also help you in determining which city is better suited for you to live in.

Some interesting things should be borne in mind if you’re relocating from one city to another. Both cities have advantages and disadvantages, but what is paramount is how your decision will influence your financial standing. To assist you in the selection, let’s evaluate a few aspects about each city.

Mumbai vs Bangalore: Accommodation costs

Accommodation is one of the key parameters in comparing the Mumbai vs Bangalore cost of living. Depending on the location you choose in Bangalore, a one-bedroom apartment can cost up to INR 20,000 per month. Further, a two-bedroom apartment can cost between INR 30,000 and INR 35,000 per month. To save money, look for a property with an HSR or BTM plan. The one-bedroom apartments are within walking distance of the city centre, with the monthly rent ranging from INR 12,000 to INR 15,000. These locations provide two-bedroom flats for less than INR 30,000 per month.
Bangalore residents have to pay a higher security deposit than other major cities when renting a house. The average security deposit in the city is INR 1.34 lakh.

Since rents are exorbitant in Mumbai, the locality you choose will impact your monthly expenses. Colaba, Grant Road, and Lower Parel are the costliest neighbourhoods in south Mumbai, with 1-BHK monthly rentals ranging from INR 30,000 to INR 50,000. The rates are similar in Bandra West, Santa Cruz, and Juhu. In these places, the rent for a 2-BHK flat can range between INR 45,000 and INR 90,000. In contrast, you can rent a 1-BHK or 2-BHK in low-cost neighbourhoods such as Kandivali, Goregaon, and Borivali, where real estate has considerably expanded over the past decade.

Typically, most landlords in Mumbai seek a security deposit comprising two to three months’ rent.

Mumbai vs Bangalore: Cost of groceries

Shopping for everyday groceries is also to be considered when comparing the living costs between Mumbai city and Bangalore city. In Bangalore, grocery prices are similar to other metropolitan areas. You will find the prices reasonable if you frequently purchase meals. If you decide to cook by yourself, you can save significantly, as expenses should not exceed INR 6,000 per month.

From storefronts to online grocery shopping, Mumbai offers abundant options for meeting your daily needs. If your lifestyle is not luxurious, you should not be spending more than INR 4,000 to INR 5,000 per month on essentials.

However, be aware of the upscale neighbourhoods of Mumbai.

Mumbai vs Bangalore: Cost of food

If you are a foodie, the cost of food plays an important role when deciding between living in Mumbai and Bangalore. Bangalore offers several takeaway options through meal aggregators. Purchasing two meals daily will cost you around INR 300, or around INR 8,000 to INR 9,000 per month. Students and working bachelors can save money by hiring cooks. You can find househelps in Bangalore through agencies, personal enquiries, or referrals.

Though Mumbai is renowned for its variety of street cuisine, you cannot sustain just on these dishes. You can get home-cooked meals delivered anywhere in Mumbai by delivery services similar to the internationally renowned “Dabbawalas”. The monthly cost for tiffin services ranges from INR 1,500 to INR 4,000. You can also cook by yourself or hire a cook. Depending on your needs, you should expect to pay between INR 5,000 and INR 9,000 per month for a maid/cook.

Mumbai vs Bangalore: Electricity bills

Electricity bills are another parameter in the Mumbai vs Bangalore cost of living comparison list. You may not require an AC for most of the year in Bangalore given its pleasant climate, but power is more expensive. The average cost of one unit of electricity is INR 4.10, which can reach INR 1,100-1,400 per month for a 2-BHK apartment. For those who use ACs, geysers, and other power guzzlers, their monthly energy bills can range from INR 5,000 to INR 10,000.

Proximity to the sea gives Mumbai a humid climate, and it remains warm most of the year. You may need to always turn on the AC during summers. Water and electricity bills can come around INR 4,000 to INR 5,000 per month for a 1-BHK apartment, and up to INR 10,000 per month for a 2-BHK unit. A broadband connection costs between INR 500 and INR 1,500 per month, which is comparable with other cities.

Mumbai vs Bangalore: Transportation

Mumbai and Bangalore are metropolitan cities with complex transportation ecosystems. A Mumbai vs Bangalore transportation cost comparison must be made when deciding which city has lower living costs.

You can use cabs, autorickshaws, metros, and buses to reach your destination in both cities. They are available 24×7 almost all through the year. You can save on money with BMTC buses and the metro in Bangalore, but if you’re pressed for time, you can opt for taxi services. Choosing between autorickshaws, the metro, buses, and taxis, the monthly cost of transportation should not exceed INR 3,000 in this southern cosmopolis.

Local trains are Mumbai’s lifeline. The cheapest means to commute to and from work is by train, whereby a monthly ticket costs INR 1,200. In addition, the city has an extensive network of low-cost public buses, “kaali-peeli” taxis, and the metro. To commute in a cab or autorickshaw, you can budget between INR 2,000 and INR 3,000 every month.

Mumbai vs Bangalore: Childcare and schooling expenses

Those with families need to check out childcare and education expenses while deciding to relocate to either Mumbai or Bangalore. In Bangalore, the cost of living surges drastically between a single individual and a household with children. The city has some of the world’s finest schools, colleges, and universities. The monthly kindergarten fee may range between INR 4,750 and INR 12,000. Depending on the institution, a child’s annual international school tuition fee can vary between INR 1 lakh and INR 3 lakh.

The cost of living in Mumbai may be affordable for a student or bachelor, but raising a child can be costly. Finding a preschool for less than INR 1,000 per month is possible. In more affluent neighborhoods, it may cost as much as INR 15,000 per month or even more. Private ICSE and CBSE schools charge between INR 50,000 and INR 1.5 lakh annually, while prominent international institutions charge an average of INR 3.5 lakh annually.

Mumbai vs Bangalore: Shopping

For shopaholics, shopping is a key criterion when comparing the Mumbai vs Bangalore cost of living. Bangalore has everything, from posh retail outlets to traditional marketplaces. Check out Chickpea, MG Road, and Commercial Street for trendy apparel and accessories. With a monthly budget of INR 5,000, you can complete your purchases if you are limited on funds. However, the rates will substantially increase if you purchase branded items from malls.

If you prefer a combination of high-end retail and bargain hunting, you will have an enriching shopping experience in Mumbai. The city provides a variety of shopping experiences to suit every budget and taste, from sifting through Bandra’s outdoor vendors for fashion rejects, to splurging on luxury brands at fancy stores. You can set aside a monthly budget of INR 2,000 to INR 3,000 for your purchases.

Mumbai vs Bangalore: Entertainment expenses

Life is a drag without entertainment. But it can be a costly affair if you are living in a metropolitan city. While making a Mumbai vs Bangalore cost of living comparison, entertainment expenses are an important parameter, especially for those who like spending time with family and friends. In Bangalore, you may be excited to enjoy the city’s vibrant nightlife and intriguing attractions. Multiplexes, eating alternatives, gaming zones, and other interests can appease your entertainment needs.

Weekend movie tickets cost around INR 300 per person. Other attractions include Wonderla, Lalbagh Botanical Garden, and Bannerghatta Biological Park. With a monthly budget of INR 2,000 to INR 3,000, you can fully enjoy life in this city.

Mumbai’s entertainment value is substantially enhanced by its proximity to Bollywood. There are theatre performances, art exhibits, and vintage multiplexes wherein you can watch the latest movie every day of the week. A weekend in Mumbai has everything one can desire, including clubs, pubs, and natural attractions. You can spend a fantastic weekend in the city on a budget of just INR 1,000.

Final thoughts

The criteria listed above will aid you in determining which city to select. Both cities have their strengths and weaknesses, as well as peculiar financial ramifications. Comparing the Mumbai vs Bangalore cost of living reveals that Mumbai is 15-20% costlier. The rental cost of living in Mumbai is more than Bangalore, which has a higher public transportation cost.

Whether you are planning to buy your first house or thinking of moving to a new apartment, a gated society is always favored by most of us. Gated apartments are available in every city in India, be it Bangalore, Delhi, Pune, or Kolkata. It is prevalent that gated community apartments have become the trend now, not only in India but worldwide. However, there are different views on why these walled colonies are so popular among home buyers worldwide, especially in India, where cost is the most important factor in property purchase decisions.

Why is every millennial today looking at staying in a gated community in India? Well, buying a home is one of the biggest achievements of our lives. None of us wants to compromise the security and safety of our loved ones. Also, all of us wish to live a peaceful and comfortable life with all amenities within the apartment premises. A gated colony is usually walled and maintained with 24X7 security services, which provides us with a sense of safety. Also, gated complexes come with basic to luxurious amenities like CCTV surveillance, a gym or swimming pool, maintenance and power backup, etc.

What is a gated community?

A gated community, meaning a residential complex walled and restricted by a specific area, has gates and boundary walls that specify the geographic area of these housing complexes. Entry to these gated complexes is restricted, and apart from the residents, anyone else who wishes to enter would require permission. These gated colonies can be of different sizes depending on the number of apartments or houses and the area it is spread across. Gated societies have low-density living, meaning there are fewer apartments in a large area. There are various types of gate communities in India; affordable or luxurious, high-rise or low-rise, low-density or high-density, etc.

What are the advantages of a gated community?

Multiple advantages come with choosing gated apartments as your home. Here are a few of them:

1. Safety & security

The greatest advantage of living in a gated community is the prospect of having a higher sense of security. This is especially important for families with kids. We all want our children to grow up in a safe and secure environment. These gated apartments have 24X7 security, CCTV surveillance, and security guards, making it a prime reason for house owners to go for a gated community.

2. Community living

In today’s world, most of us live in a metro city away from our loved ones. Nuclear families are quite common nowadays, and sometimes this can also be a problem. When you decide to stay in a society, you tend to meet or run into the same folks daily. This helps in starting communication with them and brings a community living environment. This is also helpful for children or parents as they can spend time with people from their age group while busy at the office.

3. Luxury and comfort

While not all gated apartments have luxurious amenities and facilities, comfort is guaranteed. Most gated societies provide the infrastructure that helps in improving your lifestyle. 24X7 security, parks, parking, power backup, and well-maintained walking paths are some of the most common facilities you can get in a gated colony. If you wish to avail more luxurious features, there are gated societies with swimming pools, gyms, clubhouses, movie theaters, schools, and much more.

4. Green environment

Living in a metro city means living in a polluted environment. However, most gated communities have designated green spaces like a park or a vast green lawn. These open green spaces around your house ensure you can get some fresh, clean air. While these sprawling green areas close to your home soothes your mind and eyes, the other advantage is you can reduce your carbon footprint while living in a gated society. Most of these complexes have grocery stores or other required stores inside the complex, so you don’t need to get your bike or car often for your everyday shopping needs.

5. Better ROI

Gated apartments give a better result if you are purchasing a house that we would like to sell later or put on rent. It will be easier for you to find a buyer, especially if you choose a gated complex with a reputable builder. Also, if the gated society is located in a development zone, the rental and selling price will definitely increase in the future. This will allow you to sell it for a good profit or earn a good rental.

What are the disadvantages of a gated complex?

While there are many advantages of gated community living, here are a few of the disadvantages of staying in a gated complex:

• Gated communities are usually costlier than individual buildings, like standalone houses or builder floors.
• Gated communities also have higher maintenance charges than standalone buildings.
• Every time a visitor comes to your house, you must permit entry.
• Gated complexes are sometimes difficult to find in your preferred area, as they require more land for construction.
• Gated societies are sometimes located on the outskirts of a city, which increases the travel time to work for the residents.

Comparison between individual buildings and gated apartments

Choosing between a standalone house or a gated community completely depends on your requirements and priorities. While buying a house in a gated community is expensive compared to a builder’s floor house, the amenities and security that come with gated apartments are important factors to look at. If you are on a tight budget and willing to compromise on comfort or luxury, an individual house is a good choice. You will be able to save a lot of money both in terms of buying price and long-term expenses like maintenance. However, a gated community will be the right choice if you wish to have a luxurious life with all amenities within your society. A gated community makes a more profitable choice for home buyers looking for a house for investment purposes.

Here are a few tips to help you buy a house in a gated community in India

Before you decide to invest in a house gated complex, it is important to look at various pros and cons of buying a house in a gated society. Here are a few things you should consider:

• Choose an apartment in the middle of the complex, especially if you are going for a large gated society. This will reduce travel time to the entry or exit gates or the market complex.
• Pick a trusted builder as it will help in the long-term and provide you a better construction.
• Evaluate your financial situation before buying a house in society. Gated complexes also have monthly maintenance charges, so it is advisable to get a clear understanding beforehand.
• Check the neighborhood properly as gated societies are usually located outside the city, which makes it unsafe sometimes. Though you will have security inside the complex, checking the approach road to the gated society and the distance from your workplace is important.
• Check the gated community laws if you are a bachelor and looking for a carefree lifestyle. Most gated societies are designed for families, and there are rules to be followed while living in these societies.

A campus-style gated community is becoming the standard form of housing these days. Such housing complexes or estates are typically preferred for their safety, open areas, and amenities, including shared gyms, swimming pools, play areas, and gardens. A standalone home can hardly have access to so many top-notch amenities. The cost of using these facilities are split evenly among the residents.

The Residents’ Welfare Association (RWA), a group of individuals chosen by the residents from amongst themselves, exists in almost every housing complex. The Societies Registration Act of 1860 governs these residents’ welfare associations.

However, for a residents’ welfare group to be recognised as a legitimate organisation, it must be registered with the government. This will allow a certified RWA to legally benefit from several privileges. The prerequisite for being an RWA member is to be aged 18 years or above. A minimum of seven such individuals are required to form a registered RWA.

What is a Residents’ Welfare Association?

A committee comprising individuals selected from among the tenants of an apartment building is known as a residents’ welfare association.

RWAs are required to be registered under the Societies Registration Act of 1860, and function according to their respective bylaws. Typically, RWA members are tasked with keeping clean the complex under their jurisdiction and maintaining the society’s pathways and other common areas.

One of the RWA’s principal tasks is to collect the monthly common maintenance fees from the occupants of all units and utilise those funds to develop high-quality amenities and infrastructure for the residents.

Apart from the ordinary members, each RWA also has committee members, a president, a treasurer, and a secretary.

Upon registration, a residents’ welfare group becomes a legal entity with specific legal powers. Such a group or association has the right to file a lawsuit against any person or entity on legitimate grounds, and can be sued in turn.

Role of RWA (Residents’ Welfare Association) officers

There are elected officers in each registered RWA. These officers are elected at the association’s general body meeting. A president, vice president, general secretary, secretary, financial advisor, and executive members make up an RWA’s board of directors.

The president chairs every meeting of an RWA, and also oversees the duties of all office holders. The president is one of the primary signatories on any letter or notice sent by an RWA, and has the authority to manage the association’s bank accounts. The vice president supports the president in carrying out his or her responsibilities and fills in for the president whenever required.

All residents and homes inside a housing estate or society are listed in records kept by the general secretary of an RWA. They represent their society in public and in governmental settings, and are a signatory to the RWA’s bank accounts. The secretary supports the general secretary in carrying out their responsibilities and steps in whenever unavailable.

The treasurer of an RWA keeps the association’s books of accounts and collect subscriptions, rent payments, and gifts. The account and funds are balanced in a specified bank. The association’s bank account must be managed, and regular account statements presented by the treasurer.

An RWA’s executive members are obligated to participate in the association’s daily operations. Additionally, they see to it that the association’s list of office holders is submitted to the registrar. According to Section 4 of the Societies Registration Act of 1860, it is essential to file this list of office-holders.

Powers of an RWA

An RWA’s primary power is to choose and determine the composition of its membership. An RWA has the authority to terminate an individual’s membership after providing appropriate reasons and grounds.

Collecting subscription fees from all residents and setting the rate is another important power of an RWA. The overall general maintenance and upkeep of the society is covered by this subscription. Any RWA member who consistently fails to attend meetings may get their membership terminated.

If tenants complain about substandard construction and the use of subpar building materials, a residents’ welfare group can file a lawsuit against the developer. The RWA can contact the police and lodge a complaint about any issues with the construction or builder.

An RWA’s financial year cycle

The financial year of an RWA moves from April 1 through March 31 of the subsequent year. This financial cycle provides a structured framework for fiscal planning and execution.

Funds of an RWA

All residents need to pay periodic maintenance fees, which are an RWA’s principal source of funding. Many organisations hold inter-resident activities and sports matches to raise funds. Housing communities also host fairs and social events. Residents and visitors can purchase food from stalls during events such as cooking competitions, and the association collects a nominal rent from each stall.

Strategies employed to raise funds include fees collected for renting out community halls and spaces for weddings and other social gatherings. These facilities are available on rent for residents from outside the society. Outsiders and visitors can park in public lots, against which the RWA charges a fee.

The funds raised through subscriptions and fundraising initiatives go to the RWA’s bank account. The succeeding RWA acknowledges the carryover funds. Only the RWA president, treasurer, or general secretary are authorised to handle this account. A trained auditor must be hired or appointed by the association to examine the RWA’s financial records.

Roles and responsibilities of an RWA

The President’s Role:

• The president has the power to represent the association for any legal action that is brought against it. The president also has the power to sue individuals on legitimate grounds.
• The decision on whether to accept and carry out the terms of a contract presented by the committee rests with the president.
• The president should keep a broad perspective of events and ensure that all residents and members are content and nurse no reservations or issues. The president should also keep an eye on all expenditures and ensure that they are wisely spent.

Treasurer’s Role:

• The role of the treasurer in an RWA is to oversee the management of all finances held by the association. The treasurer is the sole person in charge of keeping the funds and other important documents safe and secure.
• As these records and finances are crucial to the association, the treasurer’s position should be given to a seasoned professional with strong management skills.
• The treasurer should also calculate monthly and yearly expenses as well as the overall income. The residents will benefit from the constant regulation of the fund flow this way.

Secretary’s Role:

• An RWA entrusts the secretary with the task of presiding over numerous general body sessions.
• Additionally, the secretary will be charged with gathering the meeting’s minutes and reviewing all the data presented.
• To ensure that each resident actively participates, the secretary will need to raise any issues they may have.

These are the three most important positions in an RWA.

How are RWA roles chosen?

An RWA’s governing body must consist of at least seven individuals, including the president, vice president, secretary, and treasurer.

An Annual General Meeting (AGM) is necessary, and there must be a certain minimum number of residents present to constitute a quorum. The AGM must be postponed and due notice given to all estate residents if the actual attendance falls below the required quorum.

At the AGM, all new members of the association will be chosen by ballot. Simple hand motions are also acceptable. Following the election of a new committee, the list must receive the support of at least three officials from the outgoing committee. The Registrar of Societies must be notified when a committee is newly elected, along with the names of the new officers.

What is a co-operative society? It is not just a way of living, or functioning of a building or complex. A co-operative society can be quite a profit-making entity too. The main objective of this entity is to acquire marketability for products. It was in 2002 that the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act was passed, which allowed a Co-operative society to function in an autonomic and democratic way. To know what a co-operative society means, let us try to understand the need and formation better.

What is a co-operative society?

The co-operative society definition essentially states, ‘It is an association of individuals who voluntarily get together to work as a unit to promote a common economic interest’. These types of societies, in other words, function on the concept of ‘Self-Help’ and ‘Mutual Help’. The primary goal of a Co-operative Society is for members to contribute economically together and support each other. Furthermore, nobody must leave a co-operative society without making a profit from it. In other words, a harmonious society is formed to promote self-help. A co-operative society in India is usually governed by the Co-operative Societies Act of various states or by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002.

Key features of co-operative societies

There are a few essential features of co-operative societies:

• They stimulate the promotion of a co-operative movement in society.
• Encourages a feeling of cooperation for mutual benefits among people in society.
• Enhances the creation of services not for profit.
• It helps develop cooperation between people and eliminates competition.
• It also ensures people learn to depend more on themselves and not on others.

Eligibility criteria for a co-operative society

There are specific eligibility criteria that an individual needs to fulfil to become a co-operative society member. As per the state Act, the rules needed to become a part of a harmonious society are:

• An individual of 18 years and above looking to be a part of a co-operative must be of sound mind.
• The individual must belong to the co-operative society formed per the Co-operative Societies Act.
• The individual must not be a defaulter of another registered co-operative society.
• Managing committee’s approval of the membership application submitted by the individual is a must.

Co-operative society examples

It is essential for all who wish to become co-operative society members per the Co-operative Societies Act, 1912. Here are a few examples of types of Co-operative societies.

• Housing Society
• Producer’s Society
• Agricultural Marketing Society
• Consumer Society
• Co-operative Bank
• Federal Society

How to form a co-operative society?

According to the co-operative society definition, as per the Co-operative Societies Act, 1912, a few steps need to be taken to become a co-operative society member. They are as follows:

• A membership application must be duly filled out and submitted to the Registrar of co-operative societies.
• The application must have attached four copies of the proposed by-laws of the co-operative society.
• All the applicants of a co-operative society must be individuals, and they should be more than ten in number.
• All applicants must sign the application if they are individuals.
• If the applicant is the society, then an authorized member must sign the application.

Laws governing the formation of a co-operative society

A couple of laws govern a Co-operative Society in India, including the following:

• State Co-Operative Societies Act of individual States
• Multi-State Co-Operative Societies Act 2002

Connection between tax and co-operative society

A co-operative society is a separate entity in the Income Tax Act of 1961. Even though it is not mentioned in it, it is in section 80P that there is a connection between tax and Co-operative Society. According to the section, co-operative societies are exempted from benefits. These types of institutions are also assessed as per the Act. Moreover, co-operative societies do not enjoy complete exemption from taxes. They are entitled to a specific deduction from total gross income. As per section 80P, the reduction of taxation of co-operative societies is of two main types. They are as given below:

1. General Deductions

This type of reduction in income tax is available to all members of a co-operative society.

2. Specific Deductions

This form of deduction is available to individuals within a co-operative society.

Types of income that a co-operative society can earn

It is a fact that these days many co-operative societies have started earning by conducting business. It is because, as per co-operative society definition, forming such a society aims to stimulate common economic benefit for all members. The profits and losses are calculated using standard methods such as computation and the ordinary accepted commercial principles. It is also essential that a co-operative society sticks to one approach of maintaining its income through commercial activities.

Therefore, it can either use a cash basis or mercantile basis method. The point to remember is that a co-operative society must adopt either income management style. There are a few types of income that a harmonious society can earn. They are as follows:

• Interest on Securities
• Income from House Property
• Capital Gains Income
• Income from Business

Relation between Income Tax Act and Co-operative Societies

According to Section 2 (19) of the Income Tax Act, “A Co-operative Society means any society registered under the Co-operative Societies Act 2012”. It means that a co-operative society registered with any state in the country is not allowed to function in any other state without permission and sanction of the Government or Registrar of the co-operative societies of that state. It is only a Multi-State Co-operative Society that can work in more than one state as a matter of right. In this case, as per the Act, no permission from any other state is required to do business.

Procedure involved in taxing taxable income for co-operative societies

When it comes to computing taxable income earned by a Co-operative Society in India formed as per the co-operative society definition, a few steps need to be taken. They are:

• Compute the total income by placing it in various categories’ Income from House Property, ‘Capital Gains’, and ‘Income from other sources.
• Then the prescribed income exemptions must be ignored, leaving you with ‘Gross Total Income’.
• The next step involves the application of the deductions mentioned as per the Income Tax Act.
• Finally, added to the ‘Net Income’ earned by a co-operative society is the ‘Rate of Tax’ according to the Finance Act. The amount of tax, per cent of income tax, and cess surcharge applicable is computed following the Finance Act.

Exemptions and deductions under the IT Act that apply to co-operative societies

For a co-operative society involved in business, several exemptions and deductions are made available to them under the IT Act. They are as follows:

1. Exemptions

Exemptions are essentially available for co-operative societies for certain classes of income. Mainly those which are not a part of the total revenue and are exempt from income tax. A few permissible exemptions available for a co-operative society in India are as follows:

• Section 10 A: This includes exemption of profits obtained from a new industry undertaken by a co-operative society in a free trade zone for ten years.
• Section 10 B: This includes exemption of profits acquired from a 100% export-oriented undertaking for ten years.

2. Deductions

Deductions are included for co-operative societies belonging to a particular income category. However, as per the Income Tax Act Chapter VI-A (Section 80A to 80U), filing an income tax return is necessary. Therefore, a few deductions are provided for the following cases given below:

• In calculating the total income of a co-operative society member as specified in Sections 80C to 80U.
• A deduction is made for any amount paid as donations to certain funds as per Section 80G.
• A deduction of 50% of profits from projects initiated outside of India as stated in Section 80HHB.
• A deduction of the entire profit from income generated from export business as mentioned in Section 80HHC.

Advantages of a co-operative society

As per the co-operative society meaning, there will be a few pros and cons to creating it. However, a few Advantages of Co-operative Society are as follows:

• Forming a co-operative society is not difficult.
• There are no restrictions on memberships in a co-operative society.
• The daily management of a co-operative society is democratic.
• The cost of operating a co-operative society is affordable.
• Income Tax exemption is available for a co-operative society.

A few co-operative society examples in India include the Indian Farmers Fertilizers Co-operative Limited, Amul, Indian Coffee House, Pratibha Mahila Sahakari Bank etc.

Conclusion

There are benefits of having a co-operative society for your business model, provided the right rules and regulations are followed. The formation, execution, and running of a co-operative society are facilitated by the government for better growth and fair opportunities.

A rental agreement has important terms and conditions mutually accepted by the tenant and landlord. The registration of a rental agreement is important for it to be legal and valid. With growing tenancy disputes, it is vital to draft a comprehensive rental agreement and register it at the nearest sub-registrar’s office.

Many times, landlords and tenants skip registering rental agreements, sometimes to avoid the registered rent agreement cost and sometimes to save time. In these cases, things are settled verbally, or if a rent agreement is made, it is never registered and is not legally a valid document.

What is a rental agreement?

A rental agreement is a contract signed between a landlord and a tenant stating that the tenant can occupy the landlord’s residential premises for a certain time. It is a detailed document to avoid future disputes on a property, rent, maintenance, and other factors.

What is a registered rent agreement?

When a rent agreement is stamped by the sub-registrar’s office, online or offline, it is considered registered. This is the only way for your rent agreemental to be legal and valid.

Why is a rental agreement important?

For a dispute-free relationship between a landlord and a tenant, it is vital to have a rental agreement, as it protects the rights of both parties. A rental agreement has details like rent, who owns the property, rent agreed upon, the condition of the property (which is how it should remain when the tenant leaves), items belonging to the landlord that the tenant has to leave behind, and much more. A registered rent agreement is an authentic document that can be presented in a court of law in case of a dispute.

When to register a rental agreement?

While it is not mandatory to register a rental agreement for less than one year, it is in everyone’s interest to have them registered. It may be time-consuming, but it assures a better resolution in times of conflict.

Except for Jammu and Kashmir, the Registration Act of 1908 applies to all states. According to the act, a ‘lease’ includes commercial property, residential property, undertakings leased for cultivation, hereditary allowances, fisheries, ferries, rights to ways, lights, and any other benefit arising from the land (excluding timber or crop cultivation).

How to register a rent agreement?

Rental agreements are registered at the sub-registrar’s office. The registration and expiration dates should be at least four months apart.

To register the rental agreement, both the parties – the tenant and the property owner – should sign the documents in the presence of two witnesses and pay the fee. If either of the parties is not present at the time, they must sign the Power of Attorney, granting the attorney the rights of agreement closure.

What is the format of a rental agreement?

Here is a basic format of an 11-month rent agreement.

Rent Agreement

This rent agreement is made on this _ (date) by _______ (name of the landlord) S/o ___ (father’s name of the landlord), Address: _______________________________________ (residential address of the landlord). Hereinafter called the Lessor/Owner, and first party

AND
_________________ (Name of tenant), called lessee/tenant, or second party
The expression Lessor/Owner and the Lessee/Tenant shall mean and include their legal heirs successors, assigns, representatives etc.

Whereas the first party is the owner and in possession of the property No: ___________________________________________________________________________________ (address of rented property) and has agreed to let out the said property to the second party for a monthly rent of Rs. /- (in words) per month.

Now This Rent Agreement Witness As Under:

That the second party will have to pay Rs. /- (in words) as monthly rent, which does not include electricity and water charges.

That the second party shall pay one month’s rent in advance to the landlord that would be further adjusted in the monthly rent.

That the second party shall pay the water and electricity charges on the basis of the consumption to the landlord/owner.

That the second party shall not lease the property to a subtenant under any circumstances without the consent of the owner/landlord.

That the second party shall follow all the rules and regulations, and by-laws set by the local authorities in respect of the leased property and will not get involved or do illegal activities on the leased property.

That this rent agreement is granted for a period of eleven (11) months starting from , and this contract can be extended further with the mutual consent of both parties.

That the second party shall not be permitted to do construction in the rented premises. Besides, he/she could do the installation of temporary decoration, wooden partition/cabin, air conditioners etc. without seeking the permission of the landlord.

That the second party is not allowed to make any alteration to the rented property without the written consent of the owner.

That the second party will have to allow the landlord or his authorised agent to enter into rented premises for its inspection or general checking for any repair work if needed.

That the second party shall keep the premises clean.

That the second party shall bear the cost of day-to-day minor repairs.

That this contract/agreement could be revoked before the expiry of this tenancy period by serving a one-month prior notice.

That both the parties have read and understood this agreement and have agreed to sign the same without any pressure from any side.

In WITNESS WHEREOF

The landlord and the tenant have hereunto subscribed their hand at (place) on this the ______ (date of rent agreement) year first above mentioned in presence of the following witnesses.

Witnesses:
1.
2.
(name of the landlord) ______ (name of the tenant)
Lessor Lessee

Documents required for rent agreement registration

1. Documents by the landlord

• Two passport-sized photos.
• Aadhaar card.
• ID proof (Driving Licence, Aadhaar Card, Voter ID, Passport).

2. Documents by the tenant

• Two passport-sized photos.
• Aadhaar card.
• Voter ID card.
• Passports for people from outside India.

Details required in a rental agreement

A rental agreement should contain the following details:

• Names and addresses of the landlord and the tenant
• Signatures of the tenant and the landlord
• Monthly rental amount
• Security deposit
• Maintenance charges
• Period of stay
• Responsibilities/rights of the landlord
• Responsibilities/rights of the tenant

The registered rent agreement cost

• Stamp duty will vary from state to state. This is the amount paid to buy stamp paper. In Delhi, the stamp duty is two per cent of the average annual rent for a rental agreement for up to five years.
• Some states have an e-stamping facility for rental agreements. Log on to the Stock Holding Corporation of India Ltd (SHCIL) website and check if your state offers this facility. Assam, Uttarakhand, Gujarat, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Delhi-NCR, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu allow e-stamping of rent agreements.

How to make a rent agreement online?

Numerous online platforms, like MyGate, offer such services. All one needs to do is to:

• Enter the necessary details (landlord, tenant, property address), terms and conditions (lease duration, monthly rent, security deposit amount, etc.).
• Make a payment of the applicable stamp duty and other charges.

The online rent agreement will be printed on stamp paper of appropriate value and delivered to the relevant address. For a soft copy, one may ask for the online rent agreement to be sent to their email, along with an e-stamp. The rent agreement hard copy delivery time is between three and five working days.

If you have any questions about how to get a rent agreement online, these online platforms have detailed answers to all your queries.

Can an online rental agreement be registered?

The online rent agreement registration is possible in 12 states with their own online registration portals. The landlord has to create a profile at one of these portals, enter all the details, and make payment of the stamp duty and other charges by generating an online challan receipt. During the process, e-signs, photos, thumb impressions, and KYC of both parties are also required.

You can check the registration status by logging into the website and through SMS.

Summary

As India is witnessing a larger population shift to urban areas, a faster and more seamlessly aligned procedure to register rental agreements becomes mandatory. While offline rental agreement registration is the traditional method, online rent agreement registrations have grown in popularity due to their convenience while remaining legal and valid. Choose the method that works for you, but make sure to register your rental agreements.